Preliminary Considerations on the Literary Textualization of Time under the Sign of the Anthropocene

by Kevin Drews

Upon being awarded the WORTMELDUNGEN Ulrike Crespo Literature Prize 2023 for her essay Schwankende Kanarien, Judith Schalansky diagnosed a “Krise des Erzählens” in the face of climate change, the extinction of species and the acidification of the oceans.¹ It is primarily the climatic tipping points of our ecosystem that challenge our imagination and intellectual processing to the same extend as they doom attempts to depict them narratively to failure. Despite an awareness of the potential for tipping points and, in some cases, the mere probability of their occurrence, there is a lack of awareness of their eventfulness and suddenness. In contrast with the connotations of the term, the process of tipping does not have a defined time structure. Instead, the effects of crossing threshold values are what we can perceive. At the same time, a crisis of experience emerges at these tipping points, situated in the field of tension between geological deep time and human cultural history.

This triangular constellation of crisis of experience, crisis of narrative and crisis of historical consciousness, which is reminiscent of the discussions of the 1920s under the sign of the crisis of historicism, appears to be expanding and intensifying into the planetary realm. Such a diagnosis of crisis also gives rise to a number of questions, not least in terms of the legitimization of the professional study of literature. If tipping points present problems of perception and representation, might aesthetic strategies and experimental arrangements not be predestined to make something visible and to make it appear? The objective is to make the diffusion of different time structures, which also occurs at tipping points, tangible and socially negotiable. However, it is precisely this aspect, the aesthetic potential of making visible, that Schalansky seems to fundamentally question – explicitly with regard to a narrativization of the tense clash of different measures of time.

Schalansky herself responds to this aesthetic challenge of representation by emphasizing the essay as a distinct form of writing. As an experimental form of writing, Schwankende Kanarien manages to combine “contemplation, knowledge and empathy”.² Between conceptual work and sensual contemplation, she investigates the possibilities and limits of literature as an early warning system for climatic tipping points. Schalansky traces the cultural history of the canary in several instances. Canaries were utilized in mining to warn the miners underground of a lack of oxygen in good time. As soon as the canary stopped chirping, it was about time to leave the mine as fast as possible. Based on the phrase ‘canary in the coal mine’, Schalansky explores the extent to which literature can serve as a means of making such a dramatic index of time tangible and accessible to narration. In essence, it is the roommate Sibylle, who features in the essay, who represents the potential for a novel form of writing.

Sybille is currently working on the development of a plot for a streaming series and is drafting the midpoint, the dramaturgical turning point that Schalansky identifies as the tipping points observed in the ecosystems, representing a point of no return.  The essay asks whether something can be learned from this concept of the midpoint, from its dramaturgical staging, about the possibilities of literature as an early warning system. It is striking that the essay is not concerned with the plot of the series, about which we learn nothing, but rather intensively with the way in which it is created, with the technical aspect of the production process. All over Sybille’s apartment are yellow post-its with elements of the plot that appear to the narrator like a mosaic, a mobile inventory of sequences that can be arranged in different ways.

For Schalansky, this material practice of entanglement becomes a space for conceptualizing an alternative approach of writing. The process that the essay performatively stages and that is linked to the post-its, can be described as an explorative combination process. In a series of new attempts, the essay combines disparate elements, including the pit birds and literature as comparable warning systems as well as the midpoints of the screenplays, with the tipping points of the climate. To some extent, the underlying poetic principle can be described as an essayistic joke in the sense of a form of knowledge. It is an essayistic combination process that constantly produces new, unexpected similarities, affinities, and neighbourhoods.

The essay as a form is a particularly striking example of an aesthetic borderline case, situated between fact and fiction, between history and stories, between the general and the particular, as well as between a mere enumeration of facts and narrative coherence and betweencritical reflection and vivid condensation. In the case of Schwankende Kanarien, there are also reflections on the ambiguity and reorganization of (disciplinary) orders under the sign of the Anthropocene, particularly with regard to the entanglement and inseparability of nature and culture. Schalansky’s essay stages procedures of text production that do not only say something about time in the Anthropocene through narrative, but also and more fundamentally in their very processual structure. This becomes evident in the formation of sequences, episodes and seriality. It is no coincidence that Sybille develops the plot of a series rather than a movie. This process expresses an intermittent experience of time that brings contradictions and ambivalences inherent to temporality to the fore.

In considering the modes of writing “(hi-)stories in the Anthropocene”, this preliminary look at the diagnosis of a crisis of narrative in Schwankende Kanarien has thus far served to mark my interest in the concrete literary processes of textualizing time, which will be further developed in my conference contribution through another and perhaps more striking form of time-marked writing: diaristic writing. To what extend do diaries and diary novels respond to the challenges of aesthetic representability and literary narrativity that emerge from the temporal tension between deep geological time and human history? How does diaristic writing reflect and represent the specific challenges of ecological crises? What is the function of personal perspectives in diaries play in conveying the global and long-term effects of the Anthropocene? To what extent can diaries be regarded as archives of epochal caesuras and disruptions serving to document both individual and collective experiences? How do diarists navigate the tension between the everyday and epochal changes? What aesthetic strategies do they develop?

Diaries connect individual lifetimes and historical events, reflect current (re)ruptures in time, and exemplify a specific form of time perception that aligns with the mode of daily life itself. In research, diaries have mainly been associated with aspects of introspective and subjectivation as well as notions of authenticity. However, in his comparative literary history of the European diary, Gustav René Hocke also identified the diary’s role as as a chronistic register of events, in which a distinctknowledge of experience is recorded in the field of tension between the individual and history.³  The reference to the chronicle, this fundamental notation method of time, allows a different view of diaristic modes of writing. Both chronicles and diaries take place in the field of the ‘prenarrative’, i.e. unfinishable seriality plays a greater role than narrative coherence. In this context, diverse methodologies are employed to assess provisional interpretations of time that bridge the gap between one’s individual microcosmic experience and the broader historical landscape. However, the reference to the significance of chronological procedures also evokes the restitution of a ‘natural’ time, which, in turn, for its part only appears conceivable in the mode of a permanent crisis, particularly through so-called tipping points, which are striking but unrepresentable events of the current “event horizon”.⁴  An examination of diaries thus allows us to make suggestions as to how the relationship between the space of experience and the horizon of expectation that characterizes modernity could be readjusted.⁵  The argument put forth in this lecture is that literature and contemporary historiography in the Anthropocene should focus more strongly than before on the practical level of the concrete recording of time.

1. https://poesierausch.com/2023/01/29/wortmeldungen-judith-schalansky-schwankende-kanarien/ ↩︎
2. Ibid. ↩︎
3. Vgl. Gustav René Hocke: Europäische Tagebücher aus vier Jahrhunderten. Motive und Anthologie. Frankfurt/Main 1991, S. 45-64. ↩︎
4. Dipesh Chakrabarty: The Climate of History in a Planetary Age. Chicago 2021, S. 36. ↩︎
5. Zum Verhältnis von moderner Zeitlichkeit, Erfahrungsraum und Erwartungshorizont vgl. Reinhart Koselleck: ‚Erfahrungsraum‘ und ‚Erwartungshorizont‘ – zwei historische Kategorien. In: ders.: Vergangene Zukunft. Zur Semantik geschichtlicher Zeiten. Frankfurt/Main 1979, S. 349-375. ↩︎

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